Variadic

Variadic Function

#include <iostream>

template <typename T>
int sum(T x)
{
  return x;
}

template <typename T, typename ...Args>
int sum(T x, Args ...args)
{
  return x + sum(args...);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  std::cout << sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) << std::endl;
}

By using C++17 or above, Fold expression can simplify the previous snippet.

#include <iostream>

template <typename ...Args>
int sum(Args ...args)
{
  return (args + ...);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  std::cout << sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) << std::endl;
}

Generic lambda expressions

C++14 allows lambda function using auto type-specifier in the arguments, which is similar to a template function.

#include <iostream>

template <typename T>
auto sum(T x)
{
  return x;
}

template <typename T, typename ...Args>
auto sum(T x, Args ...args)
{
  return x + sum(args...);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  auto s = [](auto ...args) { return sum(args...); };
  std::cout << s(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) << std::endl;
}

By using C++17 or above, a programmer can simplify the previous code as following snippet.

// g++ -std=c++17 -Wall -Werror -O3 a.cc

#include <iostream>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  auto sum = [](auto ...args) { return (args + ...); };
  std::cout << sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) << std::endl;
}

Variadic constructor

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

class Foo {
 public:

  template <typename ...Args>
  Foo(Args ...args)
  {
    Sum(args...);
  }

  template <typename T>
  void Sum(T t)
  {
    sum += t;
  }

  template <typename T, typename ...Args>
  void Sum(T t, Args ...args)
  {
    sum += t;
    Sum(args...);
  }

  void Print()
  {
    std::cout << sum << std::endl;
  }

 private:
   int sum = 0;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  auto f = Foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
  f.Print();
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

class Foo {
 public:

  template <typename T>
  Foo(T t)
  {
    sum += t;
  }

  template <typename T, typename ...Args>
  Foo(T t, Args ...args) : Foo(args...)
  {
    sum += t;
  }

  void Print()
  {
    std::cout << sum << std::endl;
  }

 private:
   int sum = 0;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  auto f = Foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
  f.Print();
}

Warning

Please don’t invoke a template constructor in a contructor because a new object will be created instead of updating the current object’s status.

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

class Foo {
 public:
  template <typename T>
  Foo(T t)
  {
    sum += t;
  }

  template <typename T, typename ...Args>
  Foo(T t, Args ...args)
  {
    sum += t;
    Foo(args...);
  }

  void Print()
  {
    std::cout << sum << std::endl;
  }

 private:
   int sum = 0;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  auto f = Foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
  f.Print();
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

class Foo {
 public:
  template <typename ...Args>
  Foo(Args ...args)
  {
    sum = (args + ...);
  }

  void Print()
  {
    std::cout << sum << std::endl;
  }

 private:
   int sum = 0;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  auto f = Foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
  f.Print();
}

Static Loop unrolling

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>

template <size_t N>
struct Loop {
  template <typename F, typename ...Args>
  static void run(F &&f, Args&& ...args)
  {
    Loop<N-1>::run(std::forward<F>(f),std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    f(args..., N-1);
  }
};

template <>
struct Loop<0> {
  template <typename F, typename ...Args>
  static void run(F &&f, Args&& ...args) {}
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  size_t counter = 0;
  // for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) { counter += i; }
  Loop<5>::run([&](auto i) { counter += i; });
  std::cout << counter << std::endl;
}

Fold expression

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  [](auto ...args) {
    return (args + ...);
  }(1, 2, 3 ,4 ,5);

  std::vector<int> v;
  [](auto &&v, auto ...args) {
    (v.emplace_back(args), ...);
  }(v);

  [](auto ...args) {
    (std::cout << ... << args) << "\n";
  }(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

  [](auto &&f, auto ...args) {
    return (... + f(args));
  }([](auto x) { return x * 2; }, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
}